Modern, complex software systems (e-commerce, IT, critical infrastructures, etc.) are increasingly required to continue operation in the face of change to self-adapt to accommodate shifting user priorities, resource variability, changing environments, and component failures. While manual oversight benefits from global problem contexts and flexible policies, human operators are costly and prone to error. Low-level, embedded mechanisms (exceptions, time-outs, etc.) are effective and timely for error recovery, but are local in scope to the point-of-failure, application-specific, and costly to modify when adaptation objectives change. An ideal solution leverages domain expertise, provides an end-to-end system perspective, adapts the target system in a timely manner, and can be engineered cost-effectively.

Architecture-based self-adaptation closes the "loop of control," using external mechanisms and the architecture model of the target system to adapt the system. An architecture model exposes important system properties and constraints, provides end-to-end problem contexts, and allows principled and automated adaptations. Existing architecture-based approaches specialize support for particular classes of systems and fixed sets of quality-of-service concerns; they are costly to develop for new systems and to evolve for new qualities.

To overcome these limitations, we pose this thesis: We can provide software engineers the ability to add and evolve self-adaptation capabilities cost-effectively, for a wide range of software systems, and for multiple objectives, by defining a self-adaptation framework that factors out common adaptation mechanisms and provides explicit customization points to tailor self-adaptation capabilities for particular classes of systems, for multiple quality-of-service objectives.

Our approach, embodied in a system called Rainbow, provides an engineering approach and a framework of mechanisms to monitor a target system and its environment, reflect observations into the system's architecture model, detect opportunities for improvements, select a course of action, and effect changes. The framework provides general and reusable infrastructures with well-defined customization points, a set of abstractions, and an adaptation engineering process, focusing engineers on adaptation concerns to systematically customize Rainbow to particular systems. To automate system self-adaptation, Rainbow provides a language, called Stitch, to represent routine human adaptation knowledge using a core set of adaptation concepts.

220 pages

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