Computer Science Department
School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University
Lowering the Barriers to Programming:
A Survey of Programming Environments and Languages
for Novice Programmers
Caitlin Kelleher, Randy Pausch
May 2003
CMU-CS-03-137.ps (Color)
CMU-CS-03-137.pdf (Color)
Since the early 1960 s, researchers have built a number of
programming languages and environments with the intention of
making programming accessible to a larger number of people.
This paper presents a taxonomy of languages and environments
designed to make programming more accessible to novice programmers
of all ages. The systems are organized by their primary goal,
either to teach programming or to use programming to empower
their users, and then by the authors approach to making learning
to program easier for novice programmers. The paper explains all
categories in the taxonomy, provides a brief description of
the systems in each category, and suggests some avenues for
future work in novice programming environments and languages.
66 pages
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